受身形

「受身形」is the passive form of a verb, often used in passive sentences to indicate that the subject is affected by someone or something's action (directly or indirectly). Specifically:

1. Direct Passive:
- N1 receives direct action from N2. V is a passive verb, and the "bị/được" form depends on the meaning of this passive verb. If V has its own direct object (N), then this object is marked with を. Examples:
　田中さんは木村さんに殴られた。(Tanaka was hit by Kimura.)
　私は先生に褒められた。(I was praised by the teacher.)
　母は私に買い物を頼まれました。(My mother asked me to do the shopping.)

2. Indirect Passive:
a. N1 receives indirect action from N2, where N2 acts upon something that N1 possesses (body part, belongings, someone related to N1...). V is a passive verb. Examples:
　私は知らない人に足を踏まれた。(I got stepped on by a stranger.)
　私は泥棒に財布を盗まれた。(My wallet was stolen by a thief.)
　私は先生に娘を褒められた。(My daughter was praised by the teacher.)

b. While N1 doesn't directly receive the action, they are inconvenienced by N2's action. V is an intransitive verb. Examples:
　私は子供に泣かれた。(My child kept crying.)
　父に死なれて、大学を続けられなくなりました。(Because of my father's death, I couldn't continue university.)
* Note:
　+ Not always negative, for example:
　きれいな女性に微笑まれて、ドキドキした。(I felt excited when smiled at by a beautiful woman.)
　+ When N2 is an inanimate object and its action occurs naturally, the passive form is less common.
　石に突然、落ちられました。✖ (Not commonly used in passive)
　電気に消えられて、困りました。✖ (Not commonly used in passive)
　Riêng「雨に降られました。」is a special case.

3. Passive for Objectivity:
- N1 is an event, occurrence. N2 is a famous person; many people (indefinite number); an unspecified someone; or an object that can be omitted. Examples:
　「源氏物語」は紫式部によって書かれた。("The Tale of Genji" was written by Murasaki Shikibu.)
　この雑誌は多くの人に読まれている。(This magazine is read by many people.)
　花壇の花は何者かに切りとられた。(The flowers in the flower bed were cut by someone.)
　この建物は100年前に建てられました。(This building was constructed 100 years ago.)

- When V is a creative activity (creation, invention, discovery, construction...), に after N2 changes to によって. Examples:
　電話はベルによって発明されました。(The telephone was invented by Bell.)
　漢字は中国人によって作られて、後日本に流入されたそうですよ。(Chinese characters were created by Chinese people and later introduced to Japan.)